Nests lined with cigarette filters

Urban birds have to survive in hostile tree-less cities. Basic resources for nesting, food and shelter are being eradicated. The House Sparrow (Passer domesticus) now adds one of the most abundant substance in a city, namely cigarette butts into their nests. In the absence of plants for self-medication, city birds can pick from a wide array of 4.5 trillion cigarette filters to line the nest for their young with toxic garbage that might repell bugs from their dwelling.

Biology Letters: "Incorporation of cigarette butts into nests reduces nest ectoparasite load in urban birds: new ingredients for an old recipe?"

Images
- Franz Marc - The Dead Sparrow 1905
- Permeable cobblestones with cigarette litter, Berlin

Condors and Their Habitat

The California Condor (Gymnogyps californianus) is a surviving member of the genus Gymnogyps. These giants birds roamed the Americas in the Pleistocene epoch living off megafauna carcasses.

The 19th and 20th century brought destruction of this vulture and its habitat:

• In the California Gold Rush, condors were kept as captive pets
  
• Eggs were collected
• They got poached as museum specimens
• They suffered lead poisoning (from eating animals containing lead shot)
• DDT poisoning
• Electric power line electrocution
• Being shot at
  
• Habitat destruction and fragmentation

The remaining 22 wild condors were captured in 1987 and bred up in a zoo. In 1992 some birds were introduced into the 'wild'. In 2011, there were 394 of "the world's rarest bird species" known to be living, including 181 outside of captivity. The endangered bird is having trouble surviving in a human junkspace landscape.

" Today 70 percent (53 out of 76) of condor moralities can be attributed to human influences...For nestlings (birds younger than 6 months of age), 73 percent of known mortalities can be attributed to the consumption of microtrash, such as bottle caps and small pieces of broken glass, plastic and metal. Lead toxicosis, from the ingestion of spent ammunition, was the most important factor in juvenile condor mortality (birds between the age of 6 months and 5 years) and was the only significant cause of death in adults (birds 6 years old and older). Eight of 23 birds that died of lead poisoning still had metal or lead fragments in their gastrointestinal tract."

Image
Condor (Sarcorhamphus gryphus) Brehm, Alfred Thierleben via Zeno
video
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