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| Lovis Corinth, 1892 |
It was a warm afternoon when I took a walk in the bush behind our house. I like going to the small waterfall where the vegetation is very lush. Walking along a stream filled with birdsong I spotted car tyres, an oil drum, and an array of litter caught between the rocks. The soil on the banks was still slippery from the last rain. Long before I reached the waterfall I could hear the gurgling sounds of the water descending over rocks. It was then that my eyes fell on a rapid movement in a deep pool. A small creature was in a frenzy, splashing and thrashing. The vegetation had been cleared at that site for access, so I decided to investigate the commotion. I saw a bit of shiny brown fur, then a duck bill and finally the beaver-like tail. A platypus - but something did not feel right. Rushing down the bank I could see how the creature had a bright plastic ring caught around its beak, something around its neck and one hind foot dragged a tangle of fishing lines along.
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| John Lewin, Platypus,1808 |
My feeling was that the animal had probably been in this hopeless situation and without food for a long time. I took off my jacket, walked into the water and caught it by wrapping my clothing around it. It was a female as it did not have a poisonous spur. She struggled and was very slippery with that soft dense mole-like fur. I talked to her and stroked her lightly. Reaching for my keys I managed to get my pocket knife out and opened it. First I cut the tight hairband from her neck. The plastic fishing tangle had cut into her foot and it was hard to free the struggling animal from the mess. Finally I cut the plastic which looked like a music festival wristband from her beak. I tried to work fast, taking care to not stress the animal or me out. Time disappeared and I have no idea how long we endured together. When all the garbage was removed I slowly opened my jacket to release her. She froze, looked at me with her beady brown eyes and then she did a speedy dash to the other side of the pond. She disappeared into a well hidden burrow. Still in a daze I walked home, dripping wet. It took me days to recover from the idea that this has been happening in my community.
I imagined how the creature could have easily got trapped in roots with its exoskeleton of human debris and drowned. Maybe the egg-laying mammal's offspring in the burrow could have starved to death slowly without milk. The duck-billed platypus is almost blind and deaf, but the highly sensitive bill detects by touch and with special sensors it perceives electric charges that are emitted by living organisms. They forage mostly at the bottom of waterways sensing for their favourite foods such as shrimps and worms and yabbies. Any debris in its way can easily get caught on the animal, tangle it and finally drown it within a very short time.
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| Gould John, Duckbilled Platypus |
Back in school I told my friends how upset I was that such a unique animal, which is an icon of New South Wales, has to live under such life threatening conditions. Some of my friends agreed to help clean up some of the junk that mostly is washed down with the rain from the suburbs. (pdf) They call it 'stormwater'. In biology, I chose to write an essay about this special Australian monotreme. We also learned to take DNA samples for the animals' presence. Later my friends and I joined Rivercare to check on the quality of water in our rivulet on a regular basis. Here, in the following, I cite some parts of my writing about my unlearning about the platypus' condition. The platypus' original home is in the freshwater systems along the east coast of Australia and Tasmania. In the mainstream they call the animal Ornithorhynchus anatinus. As we are on Gumbaynggirr land, (Coffs Coast) we also call it Muluny.
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| Franz Marc, The Yellow Cow, 1911 |
When European settlers arrived on Indigenous lands they navigated the new territory via the waterways. The vegetation had to go so their very thirsty cattle and other livestock could access the banks. Deforestation also provided the wood for the colony. The trampling hoofed animals and the land clearing soon eroded the banks and made the riparian zone along creeks collapse into the water, making it murky with sediments and animal poop. Many Platypuses' burrows were destroyed, depriving the local wildlife of shelter.
"Our cattle used to fall into them and starve and break their legs and all sorts of things. In those early days, platypus were in their hundreds... when I left here in 1936 there were still platypus in our creeks and we cursed them a bit because we lost stock because of their burrows." (source)
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| Map of Australia, Taylor, Thomas Griffith & Beckit, H. O. (192-?]) |
Water extraction and dams for irrigation altered free‐flowing water bodies leading to water scarcity for wildlife. Punching holes into the vegetation led to a fragmentation of the home of the monotreme, which is not a fast walker with its webbed feet and it has a slow lizard gait on land.
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| Ferdinand Hodler, Woodcutter, 1910 |
In addition to habitat loss, fragmentation, and degradation the newcomers also spread their imported animals. Apart from ungulates, they also brought their baggage of fast and vicious carnivores: dogs, cats and foxes. "The feral fox and cats are responsible for over 90 per cent of all mainland mammal extinction." (source) The out of control livestock and runaway pets became feral pests. Introduced plants soon became invasive weeds and infested the cleared landscapes, making the land, but specifically the waterways inaccessible. The unleashed baggage of non-native fauna and flora 'to improve the country' became a high-cost Pandora's box.
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| Franz Marc , Three Animals (Dog, Fox and Cat), 1912 |
After the water and land were monopolised for settlers' needs and their cohabiting animals, the little furry thing, among koalas and kangaroos came in handy as a cash cow for export. The slaughter and use of native animals was seen as normal and acceptable at the time. It took up to hundred Platypus' pelts to make a blanket or rug in the 19th century. The thriving fur industry had a deadly impact on the Platypus.
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| Wunderkammer, Leverian Museum, Sarah Stone, 1770 |
Back home in the motherland the new oddities from far flung regions of the empire outpost aroused curiosity. The first specimens of monotremes appeared to be a hoax to the senses. An added duckbill stitched onto a mole? A chimera of mammals, birds and reptiles that arose over millions of years? The science of the day was baffled by the ‘duck mole’. In keeping with the ignorance of the time everything unknown to Europeans was thought of as a priori ‘inferior’ on the evolutionary scale. The 'freak of nature' of an egg-laying mammal was explained by being an archaic and unchanged ‘primitive’ animal.
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| Natural History Museum, Wet Collection Wing, Berlin |
The thirst for knowledge, prestige and conversation pieces filled the continental Wunderkammers (cabinets of wonders) with a plethora of exotica. Stuffed or pickled specimens of platypuses populated the dusty glass cabinets and pandered to the lust for the new. The 'skeletons' that did not make it into the closet, got dissected for their eggs. “Literally thousands of preserved and stuffed platypuses and their uteri were shipped back to Britain for research. “ (source) Science demanded a blood toll to advance the insights and power of their canon. The extraordinary served to solidify the prevailing order.
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| Natural History Museum, Wet Collection Wing, Berlin |
After 1912 when the hunt for fur and 'materials' for science slowed down, the human population expanded especially along the east coast of Australia, following the water catchments. In reshaping the landscape, they made 19 out of the 20 ecosystems collapse. (source) Today, 90% of the Australian population form a tightly-knit settlement of peri-urban, sub-urban to urban areas. Sprawling exurbia overlaps with the remnant of platypuses' habitat.
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| Stuffed Birds, Natural History Museum, Berlin |
"A lot of platypus problems arise from changes to habit and the environment in general, but in particular many populations have been put at risk because of direct impact from what people are doing." (source)
The freshwater systems of eastern Australia are the platypuses only home. Expanding population growth with their baggage of livestock, pets and weeds converts ecotopes and displaces endemic species. The platypuses' liquid habitat is under threat from a number of anthropogenic impacts. Their riparian food webs have diminished, are fragmented and degraded. Their habitat in Australia has shrunk by 22 per cent in the past 30 years. (source)
Population growth and the endless encroachment by settler culture demands water for their extractive industries, industrial agricultural and domestic supplies. Dams are seen as the answer in the driest inhabited continent in the world. The insatiable collective thirst for water leads to 'bottling it up' diverting it to one species alone and their purposes. Australia is also a massive net exporter of virtual water. (source) Damming water alters the flow patterns and the ecological connectivity negatively. "The building of large dams fragments our platypus populations, so they can't connect up between each other." (source) For the platypus there is no life without water. Both the quantity and quality of the available water have been impacted by humans. "The primary threat to platypuses appears to be a reduction in surface water and flows due to drought, altered flow regimes, and water extraction for domestic, industrial and agricultural purposes." (source)
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| A bitumen-sealed road meets lawns, NSW |
The remaining waterways the platypus depends on is also the dumping ground for homo sapiens’ waste. The human habitat consists mainly of impervious surfaces, of bitumen and brick. Buildings, carparks, hot roads and driveways make up this non-absorbent ground. On such a terrain, rain turns into a fast surface runoff, washing away soil, petrol, pesticides, faeces and other contaminants. The rapid flow of 'city floods’ might clean the hard veneer of the urban space by ‘flushing’ the city muck downstream, but for the creek residents living at the other end it could mean that their offspring drowns in the burrow and a toxic turbid cocktail is dumped in their pool. It's a life in the drain.
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| Franz Marc, Long Yellow Horse, 1913 |
The unwanted externalities, the excreta of humans, their livestock and pets end up in a cost effective way in the environment. The once sacred veins of water have become a drain for discharging untreated sewage. Large parts of the population are on septic tanks. Very often there are untreated sewage spills or rivers are flushed with sewage. Agricultural run-off from piggeries, dairies, feedlots and abattoirs also add their bit. The home of the platypus resembles a cesspool. At times they get stuck in the middle of a sewage treatment plant. (source) The platypus is literally "disappearing in the 'cesspit". (source).
Apart from the E. coli pollution, industrial agriculture also left a legacy of toxins in the biological deserts they have produced. Pesticides, herbicides, fungicides poisoned the land, the water and the air. "Agricultural and domestic use of pesticides is very common in Australia and is a particular concern. A huge variety of chemicals is used and little is known about their persistence in the environment and their long-term impact on coastal ecosystems." (source) Cattle dips have been contaminated by a range of chemicals, such as very persistent arsenic and DDT residues. "There are 1,648 dip sites scattered throughout the far North Coast of NSW" (source) "some of which contain a massive residue legacy." (source).
Additionally a diverse array of pharmaceuticals is dumped into the streams and riparian food webs. The residents of these waterways are being subjected to an involuntary large cocktail of medication: antidepressants, painkillers, antibiotics, 'the pill', anti-fungal drugs, hormones and Alzheimer's medication. "Platypus living at the most contaminated site could ingest about half a human dose of antidepressants every day. Ecologists found nearly 70 different medications in water-dwelling creepy-crawlies at creeks.."(source)
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| Heinrich Harder, Duck billed platypus, 1916 |
The constantly increasing global consumption of medicines by sickened humans contributes to the systematic release of chemicals into the environment. Widespread diagnostic radiology technology (CTs, MRI) requires various contrast agents. Medical imaging often utilises iodinated X-ray contrast media (ICM) Most of the medical agents are of insoluble substances, which are released in effluents to the surface waters. The substances are highly persistent pollutants in nature and are only poorly removed by conventional wastewater treatment. All ends up in natural waters, groundwater, drinking water and in the soil. "It was reported that more than 600 pharmaceutical substances are present in aquatic environments... some of these compounds cause undesirable effects in living organisms." (source) The ecotoxicological effects of chemical contaminants pose a health risk for all living beings.
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| Otto Dix, A Nocturnal Encounter with an Insane Man, 1924 |
After habitat degradation and the abuse of rivers as drains, there are also the unwanted solid substances that are dumped in waterways. It is part of consumer culture, to take the goodies and discard the unwanted (packaging) wherever one happens to be. Human debris litters the solar system by now. Apart from our space junk, the Earth itself is turned into a giant junkspace. Ubiquitous long-lasting plastics form junkyards on land, in the air, in the ocean and in fresh water bodies. Like a boomerang, the microplastic artefacts re-enter the human body, unborn and accumulate in the organs. For native wildlife such as air-breathing platypus, turtles, rakali and birds the garbage becomes a trap in which they become entangled and finally drown.
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| Paul Klee, Fish Magic,1925 |
For the platypus, the encroachment of people entering their immediate remaining habitat seeking to kill freshwater cray/fish for gain or fun is another serious threat. "The platypus (is) getting caught up in fishing lines, being hooked, dragged in, drowned, or [being caught in] yabby nets". (source) The cheap plastic paraphernalia such as fishing lines and hooks, sinkers and mesh traps are often carelessly discarded into the waterways by re-creational fishers. Entanglement or ingestion of these artificial substances entails a slow and painful death for the animal in the wild. Hooks are a common anthropogenic debris stuck in oral cavities and throats. Some birds can have up to five fishing hooks attached to their body. (source)
The most cost-effective killing machine for native animals is the opera house-style yabby trap. For a few dollars the fishing gear of a plastic tangle ( "67 x 48 x 30cm with 5cm ring, and the wire diameter is 4.2mm with plastic coating" source) is making a killing for retail stores and on-line providers.
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| Giuseppe Arcimboldo, Water, 1566 |
These contraptions are submerged in the public waterways to catch the main food the platypus depends on - yabbies. "When a platypus enters them, they drown within a couple of minutes." (source) When the fishing enthusiasts return to their baited traps to seize the catch they usually find a rich bycatch of non-target species of aquatic mammals, sometimes even four or five platypuses in one net. Even after various air-breathing wildlife have been killed, these traps can capture and drown other animals ad infinitum, over days, weeks or years. (source) Should the platypus have offspring, her young will certainly also have to starve to death.
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| Paul Klee, Fish Magic,1925 |
The British 'right to roam' or 'freedom to roam'
translated in Australia as access to extractive activities by individuals or business entities. The land is a playground where one
might freely take. This 'take culture' is ingrained in the very cultural
fabric and individual mindsets of settler-colonial (neo-) extractivism.
The few no-take zones in the Great Barrier Reef that are set aside for conservation, are actively defied."People are intentionally breaking the law and intentionally going into the [green] zones and fishing; both commercial and recreational fishers." (source)
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| Carl Spitzweg, The Butterly Hunter, 1849 |
For
many decades millions of these wasteful traps have been used by the public in
wilful ignorance. Each state has different rules, some retailers stopped
sales, but all are still freely available online. Even if they are
illegal in some states, the use of the killing machine continues. ( here, here, here) The many illegal traps only occasionally come to the public attention. Media reports highlight the tip of
the visible iceberg only.: "Half a struggling platypus population killed by illegal yabby pots in Victoria's east." (source)
Unreasonably low penalties, a low presence of environment enforcement officers (that might risk getting shot) and an absence of legislated national environmental standards make for little change in the rate of biodiversity destruction.
A governance refraining from effective regulation, seeks to 'raise
awareness', educate the fishing community that are thought to be unaware
of any rules. Gentle nudging is the norm with the occasional 'crack down on illegal fishing nets'. Cheap public appeals meet low-cost junk and defiance.
Cruelty against animals and specifically Australian wildlife is a daily 'news' item. In a botanical garden three platypuses have been found dumped of which two had their heads cut off. (source) Cruelty to non human animals, specifically wildlife crimes are rarely effectively investigated with outcomes.
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| Albrecht Dürer, Left Wing of a Blue Roller, 1500 |
Poaching and wildlife trafficking is just another branch of the extractive industries. Exporting Australian flora and fauna, such as hundreds of endangered parrots for example gets the official nod: "Environment department failed to investigate allegations rare Australian birds were exported for profit." (source)
While degrading and exporting the nation's biodiversity, Australia has the highest pet ownership rates in the world. (source) Australians desire to surround themselves with introduced species from overseas, such as dogs and cats. Cats have become a runaway invasive species problem. Invasive alien species are now a huge financial burden
for Australia. Endemic life-forms, such as wildlife and local plant
species have to pay with their lives. Pets have a huge industry behind
them.
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| The
loss of Australian land mammals is most likely due primarily to
predation by introduced species, particularly the feral cat, Felis
catus. (Image: P. Klee) |
Pet owners wishing to escape the living quarters they have made, seek recreation for themselves and their semi tamed 'best friend'. They drive to the margins (bush and beach) where local wildlife has found a momentary refuge. Their roaming carnivorous pets are mostly unsupervised and off leash. Unrestrained cats wander far afield and kill. Both dogs and cats attack and kill platypuses. Survivors of the 'tragedy of the commons' occasionally hit the news when some of them are being 'stitched up' in the zoo.
When
humans and their pets barge into or near waterways with their
combustion engines it can happen, that the platypus is given a 'joy ride', that is the monotreme is wedged inside the car engine, while the car is driving through the water body to get to their place of recreation.
Dog walkers, joggers, bushwalkers and their car tyres also bring pathogens into the liminal 'edgelands' where wildlife dwells. An ulcerating fungal disease (Mucormycosis) spread by humans has killed a large number of platypuses. (source) Similar deadly skin lesions, equivalent to third-degree burns in endangered bottlenose dolphins are thought to be due to climate disruption. (source) Emerging 'mystery' infectious dis-eases befall wildlife in a warming world while their surroundings are being deteriorated.
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| Paul Klee, The Protector, 1926 |
4 A multitude of anthropogenic threats is compromising the health
conditions of many species. The loss and or degradation of their home
niche lowers their immunity, causes dis-ease and hence their resilience
for survival is affected negatively. While the diversity of life on the whole is
declining, many species are being made extinct. The platypus is just one of the many beings on the IUCN Red List threatened with extinction.
The conservation of living species depends primarily on the maintenance of their habitats. Humans construct treeless deserts where machines can freely move. Land-use planning and policy making for conservation could be informed by our most advanced system of knowledge and practice - our science.
Science measures, quantifies and records nature. The triumph of instrumental reason determines whether 'things' out there have usability for us. The domination and exploitation of the 'stuff out there' has to directly translate not just into use for us but into monetary gains. The reduction of systemic complexity by various science faculties, that can hardly communicate to each other, has calculability and quantification in mind. Today's cabinets of curiosity are databases of species and DNA barcodes. The data or predictive modelling can be utilised for political decision-making or to pursue legal challenges to save a species from ecocide.
Humanity's self-alienation has reached the point where it can experience its own annihilation as a supreme aesthetic pleasure. - Walter Benjamin
Data collection for conservation mainly takes place via radio-tracking of wildlife. The animal is caught and a satellite telemetry transmitter is attached (often glued-on) to its body. All movement and behaviour of animals can then be remotely monitored by GPS sensors. Wildlife can also gather data and do environmental monitoring about the biosphere for us. Often, animal-mounted sensors with large antennas impede the conduct of the living creature. Joined to 'the internet of things' they are locked in a "network of physical objects—"things" or objects—that are embedded with sensors, software, and other technologies for the purpose of connecting and exchanging data with other devices and systems over the internet". (source) Icarus monitors the globally tagged animal population from space. The internet of things provides us with a smooth warehouse logistics operation. Geolocators provide mobility profiles of all living beings carrying devices.
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| Paul Klee, Tropical twilight, 1921, detail |
In times of funding cuts and science denial the scientific community resorts to outsourcing data gathering to lay people. Environmental communities are mobilised via Citizen Science and Crowdfunding to do the time-consuming outdoor fieldwork that cannot be automated. Volunteers collect or even classify data. The data is then synthesised in PhDs, possibly with an eye to ecosystem services the creature could deliver to humanity.
In
an increasingly uninhabitable world for humans and non-human beings,
ex-situ conservation and translocation seem to be the last options for
survival. Even homo sapiens, the 'social animal' has to resort to prolonged collective isolation when they unleash zoonotic pandemics. Zoological menageries become the last rafts for the breeding of animal populations in captivity. As "everywhere chemicals "are destroying sperm counts in humans and other animals, assisted reproductive technology (ART)
is employed to counter this trend. Assisted technology and gene banking
is also used to influence the genetic diversity of animals on the
brink.
Human-assisted evolution is an intervention to fabricate resilience on a planet rendered uninhabitable. This technology aims to accelerate the rate of natural evolutionary processes ( e.g. in reefs). so that the organism's plasticity might keep up with the speed of destruction.
It seems impossible to influence human practices, such as speeding motorists on autopilot behaviour who are blind to wildlife signage. Tagging "every koala in the area and a kilometre into the bush" to activate road warning signs seems to be a more feasible and effective option for keeping the species alive. (source) It appears that the human exceptionalism paradigm is impossible to shift, even in the light of the life support system of the planet collapsing. The business as usual button is hit even harder, the more nature is declining globally "at rates unprecedented in human history." (source) It appears that the "more-than-human-/world" is conceptualised into 'winners and losers' in a game of survival. Wiped out is just bad luck!
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| Paul Klee, Ravaged land |
Science
might not only provide a technical conservation 'fix', but is even
implicated in the disappearance of species. Only a few years ago a
university applied for a scientific permit to kill a platypus for
research
purposes claiming it wanted to save the species. (source)
The quest for knowledge often requires the elimination of the object of study. The 'discovery' of a species has often entailed its demise. "The killing of kangaroos by Europeans began at exactly the same time that the species was first identified. Shooting, naming, describing, scientifically classifying, sketching, dissecting, eating: these things all played out simultaneously as soon as Cook’s Endeavour got stranded on a reef..." (source) Today, in the age of mass extinctions, the Australian marsupial is still called a pest in NSW. (source).
After "the Endeavour had smashed into a reef at Cooktown and needed repair. The crew, provisioning for the long trip home, caught “eight or nine” green turtles ... weighing 200-300 pounds (90-140 kilograms) apiece. The local people, Guugu Yimidhirr, considered these animals sacred, never taking enough to jeopardise the breeding. The invaders had broken the sacred protocols. In particular, they’d taken too many females...The people, seeing the plunder, were appalled and asked for one to be returned. When the crew refused, they showed (says Banks) “great marks of resentment” and left the ship. Later, on the beach, they ignited the surrounding grasses, endangering some of Cook’s possessions. The crew retaliated with shotguns, wounding at least one." (source)
To see, seize, name and build taxonomies of classifications is to fill the material or conceptual wunderkammern or warehouses with a just-in-time readiness for exploitation. From the colonial habitus of plunder and pillage, to a take - culture, to industrial extractivism, all are ignoring or bypassing law and ethics. The algorithms of the global warehouse are only further optimising and automating these 'supply chains'. The trajectory of this automaton steers towards a “ghastly future” due to ongoing environmental degradation, violating the planetary boundaries, biodiversity wipe out, climate disruption, and human overconsumption. The cracks of this ecological Ponzi scheme become increasingly more visible while we steal from the future to gain short term increases to afford us a momentary feeling of normality. (source)
The proverbial 'bottom line' for the planet or specifically Australia is atrocious. Under Aboriginal cultures, care for Country was enabled for more than 65,000 years of human habitation. Rivers flowed with drinkable water, the land and air were unburdened by liquid or solid pollution. In an extremely short time period European settlement unravelled Australia's most distinctive biodiversity. (source) Australia is on the global frontline of the climate emergency, The House is on Fire, the coast and cities drown and the desert grows. Land clearing rates and the elimination of biodiversity are more akin to a 'developing country'. "Eastern Australia is now a designated global deforestation hotspot, alongside places like the Amazon, the Congo and Borneo."(source) It also " has the worst modern-day mammal extinction record of any country on Earth." (source)
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| Klee, Mess of fish,1940 |
Slowing down or even refraining from the huge human impact, ensuring ecological literacy and structural global change could be a starting point to make the platypus live, save its ecotope and the planet with its biodiversity. #GenerationRestoration is already putting hands and heads to work to ensure a future for people, biodiversity and the planet.
Serena Melody, Williams Geoff A. (2021) Factors affecting the frequency and outcome of platypus entanglement by human rubbish. Australian Mammalogy
Woinarski, J. C. Z., Burbidge, A. A., and Harrison, P. L. (2015). Ongoing unraveling of a continental fauna: decline and extinction of australian mammals since European settlement. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 112, 4531–4540. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1417301112
Images:
Lovis Corinth, In the Woods near Bernried, 1892
John Lewin, Platypus, 1808
Gould John Duckbilled Platypus (1845-1863)
Franz Marc, The Yellow Cow, 1911
Taylor, Thomas Griffith & Beckit, H. O. (192-?]). The new Oxford wall maps of Australia
Ferdinand Hodler, Woodcutter, 1910
Franz Marc , Three Animals (Dog, Fox and Cat), 1912
Sarah Stone, Interior of the Leverian Museum, watercolor by Library of New South Wales, 1770s
Natural History Museum, Berlin, The glass-walled Wet Collection Wing
with 12.6 km of shelf space displays one million specimens preserved in
an ethanol solution and held in 276,000 jars (2 pictures)
Stuffed Birds, Natural History Museum, Berlin
Bitumen and lawn, Coffs Harbour, NSW suburbia
Otto Dix, A Nocturnal Encounter with an Insane Man, 1924
Heinrich Harder, Duck billed platypus, 1916
Ferdinand Hodler, Mountain stream near Champéry, 1916, detail
Albrecht Dürer, Left Wing of a Blue Roller (c.1500)
Carl Spitzweg The Butterfly Hunter, 1849
Franz Marc, Long Yellow Horse, 1913
Paul Klee, Fish Magic, 1925, detail
Giuseppe Arcimboldo, Water, 1566
Paul Klee, Fish Magic, 1925
Paul Klee, Cat and Bird, 1928
Paul Klee, The Protector, 1926, detail
Paul Klee, Tropical twilight, 1921, detail
Paul Klee, Ravaged land, 1921
Paul Klee, Mess of fish, 1940
